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Glycogen storage disease, type IV(GSD4)

MedGen UID:
6642
Concept ID:
C0017923
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Amylopectinosis; Andersen disease; Brancher deficiency; Cirrhosis, familial, with deposition of abnormal glycogen; GBE1 DEFICIENCY; Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency; Glycogen storage disease due to glycogen branching enzyme deficiency; Glycogen storage disease type 4; Glycogenosis 4; GLYCOGENOSIS IV; GSD 4; GSD IV; GSD4
SNOMED CT: Branching enzyme deficiency (11179002); Glycogen storage disease type IV (11179002); Andersen disease (11179002); Glycogenosis, type 4 (11179002); Glycogen storage disease, type IV (11179002); 1,4,alpha-glucan 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase deficiency (11179002); Brancher deficiency glycogen storage disease (11179002); Amylopectinosis (11179002); Andersen's disease (11179002); GSD IV (11179002); Branching-transferase deficiency glycogenosis (11179002); Deficiency of branching enzyme (124267007); Deficiency of amylo-(1,4,6)-transglycosylase (124267007); Deficiency of 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme (124267007); Glycogen storage disease, type 4 (11179002)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): GBE1 (3p12.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009292
OMIM®: 232500
Orphanet: ORPHA367

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV
The clinical manifestations of glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) discussed in this entry span a continuum of different subtypes with variable ages of onset, severity, and clinical features. Clinical findings vary extensively both within and between families. The fatal perinatal neuromuscular subtype presents in utero with fetal akinesia deformation sequence, including decreased fetal movements, polyhydramnios, and fetal hydrops. Death usually occurs in the neonatal period. The congenital neuromuscular subtype presents in the newborn period with profound hypotonia, respiratory distress, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Death usually occurs in early infancy. Infants with the classic (progressive) hepatic subtype may appear normal at birth, but rapidly develop failure to thrive; hepatomegaly, liver dysfunction, and progressive liver cirrhosis; hypotonia; and cardiomyopathy. Without liver transplantation, death from liver failure usually occurs by age five years. Children with the non-progressive hepatic subtype tend to present with hepatomegaly, liver dysfunction, myopathy, and hypotonia; however, they are likely to survive without progression of the liver disease and may not show cardiac, skeletal muscle, or neurologic involvement. The childhood neuromuscular subtype is rare and the course is variable, ranging from onset in the second decade with a mild disease course to a more severe, progressive course resulting in death in the third decade. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Pilar L Magoulas  |  Ayman W El-Hattab   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Glycogen storage disease IV (GSD4) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder. The typical 'classic' hepatic presentation is liver disease of childhood, progressing to lethal cirrhosis. The neuromuscular presentation of GSD IV is distinguished by age at onset into 4 groups: perinatal, presenting as fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) and perinatal death; congenital, with hypotonia, neuronal involvement, and death in early infancy; childhood, with myopathy or cardiomyopathy; and adult, with isolated myopathy or adult polyglucosan body disease (Bruno et al., 2004). The enzyme deficiency results in tissue accumulation of abnormal glycogen with fewer branching points and longer outer branches, resembling an amylopectin-like structure, also known as polyglucosan (Tay et al., 2004). Bruno et al. (2007) provided a review of the neuromuscular forms of glycogen branching enzyme deficiency.  http://www.omim.org/entry/232500
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is an inherited disorder caused by the buildup of a complex sugar called glycogen in the body's cells. The accumulated glycogen is structurally abnormal and impairs the function of certain organs and tissues, especially the liver and muscles. There are five types of GSD IV, which are distinguished by their severity, signs, and symptoms.

The fatal perinatal neuromuscular type is the most severe form of GSD IV, with signs developing before birth. Excess fluid may build up around the fetus (polyhydramnios) and in the fetus' body. Affected fetuses have a condition called fetal akinesia deformation sequence, which causes a decrease in fetal movement and can lead to joint stiffness (arthrogryposis) after birth. Infants with the fatal perinatal neuromuscular type of GSD IV have very low muscle tone (severe hypotonia) and muscle wasting (atrophy). These infants usually do not survive past the newborn period due to weakened heart and breathing muscles.

The congenital muscular type of GSD IV is usually not evident before birth but develops in early infancy. Affected infants have severe hypotonia, which affects the muscles needed for breathing. These babies often have dilated cardiomyopathy, which enlarges and weakens the heart (cardiac) muscle, preventing the heart from pumping blood efficiently. Infants with the congenital muscular type of GSD IV typically survive only a few months.

The progressive hepatic type is the most common form of GSD IV. Within the first months of life, affected infants have difficulty gaining weight and growing at the expected rate (failure to thrive) and develop an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly). Children with this type develop a form of liver disease called cirrhosis that often is irreversible. High blood pressure in the vein that supplies blood to the liver (portal hypertension) and an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites) can also occur. By age 1 or 2, affected children develop hypotonia. Children with the progressive hepatic type of GSD IV often die of liver failure in early childhood.

The non-progressive hepatic type of GSD IV has many of the same features as the progressive hepatic type, but the liver disease is not as severe. In the non-progressive hepatic type, hepatomegaly and liver disease are usually evident in early childhood, but affected individuals typically do not develop cirrhosis. People with this type of the disorder can also have hypotonia and muscle weakness (myopathy). Most individuals with this type survive into adulthood, although life expectancy varies depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms.

The childhood neuromuscular type of GSD IV develops in late childhood and is characterized by myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy. The severity of this type of GSD IV varies greatly; some people have only mild muscle weakness while others have severe cardiomyopathy and die in early adulthood.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glycogen-storage-disease-type-iv

Clinical features

From HPO
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis
MedGen UID:
370652
Concept ID:
C1969372
Disease or Syndrome
A progressive detrimental connective tissue deposition (fibrosis) on the kidney parenchyma involving the tubules and interstitial tissue of the kidney. Tubulointerstitial injury in the kidney is complex, involving a number of independent and overlapping cellular and molecular pathways, with renal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) as the final common pathway. However, IF and TA are separable, as shown by the profound TA in renal artery stenosis, which characteristically has little or no fibrosis (or inflammation). For new annotations it is preferable to annotate to the specific HPO terms for Renal interstitial fibrosis and/or Renal tubular atrophy.
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Portal hypertension
MedGen UID:
9375
Concept ID:
C0020541
Disease or Syndrome
Increased pressure in the portal vein.
Bradycardia
MedGen UID:
140901
Concept ID:
C0428977
Finding
A slower than normal heart rate (in adults, slower than 60 beats per minute).
Cardiomyopathy
MedGen UID:
209232
Concept ID:
C0878544
Disease or Syndrome
A myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease and congenital heart disease sufficient to cause the observed myocardial abnormality.
Failure to thrive
MedGen UID:
746019
Concept ID:
C2315100
Disease or Syndrome
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.
Ascites
MedGen UID:
416
Concept ID:
C0003962
Disease or Syndrome
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Esophageal varix
MedGen UID:
5027
Concept ID:
C0014867
Disease or Syndrome
Extreme dilation of the submucusoal veins in the lower portion of the esophagus.
Hepatosplenomegaly
MedGen UID:
9225
Concept ID:
C0019214
Sign or Symptom
Simultaneous enlargement of the liver and spleen.
Cirrhosis of liver
MedGen UID:
7368
Concept ID:
C0023890
Disease or Syndrome
A chronic disorder of the liver in which liver tissue becomes scarred and is partially replaced by regenerative nodules and fibrotic tissue resulting in loss of liver function.
Liver failure
MedGen UID:
88444
Concept ID:
C0085605
Disease or Syndrome
A disorder characterized by the inability of the liver to metabolize chemicals in the body. Causes include cirrhosis and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Signs and symptoms include jaundice and encephalopathy. Laboratory test results reveal abnormal plasma levels of ammonia, bilirubin, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.
Hyporeflexia
MedGen UID:
195967
Concept ID:
C0700078
Finding
Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Reduced tendon reflexes
MedGen UID:
356648
Concept ID:
C1866934
Finding
Diminution of tendon reflexes, which is an invariable sign of peripheral nerve disease.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Muscle weakness
MedGen UID:
57735
Concept ID:
C0151786
Finding
Reduced strength of muscles.
Flexion contracture
MedGen UID:
83069
Concept ID:
C0333068
Anatomical Abnormality
A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.
Muscular atrophy
MedGen UID:
892680
Concept ID:
C0541794
Pathologic Function
The presence of skeletal muscular atrophy (which is also known as amyotrophy).
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
MedGen UID:
1830310
Concept ID:
C5779613
Disease or Syndrome
Multiple congenital contractures in different body areas.
Edema
MedGen UID:
4451
Concept ID:
C0013604
Pathologic Function
An abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body.
Abnormal circulating creatine kinase concentration
MedGen UID:
868058
Concept ID:
C4022449
Finding
Any deviation from the normal circulating creatine kinase concentration.
Polyhydramnios
MedGen UID:
6936
Concept ID:
C0020224
Pathologic Function
The presence of excess amniotic fluid in the uterus during pregnancy.
Hydrops fetalis
MedGen UID:
6947
Concept ID:
C0020305
Disease or Syndrome
The abnormal accumulation of fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and skin edema.
Decreased fetal movement
MedGen UID:
68618
Concept ID:
C0235659
Finding
An abnormal reduction in quantity or strength of fetal movements.

Term Hierarchy

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Koch RL, Soler-Alfonso C, Kiely BT, Asai A, Smith AL, Bali DS, Kang PB, Landstrom AP, Akman HO, Burrow TA, Orthmann-Murphy JL, Goldman DS, Pendyal S, El-Gharbawy AH, Austin SL, Case LE, Schiffmann R, Hirano M, Kishnani PS
Mol Genet Metab 2023 Mar;138(3):107525. Epub 2023 Jan 25 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107525. PMID: 36796138

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Koch RL, Kiely BT, Choi SJ, Jeck WR, Flores LS, Sood V, Alam S, Porta G, LaVecchio K, Soler-Alfonso C, Kishnani PS
JCI Insight 2024 May 14;9(12) doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.177722. PMID: 38912588Free PMC Article
Koch RL, Soler-Alfonso C, Kiely BT, Asai A, Smith AL, Bali DS, Kang PB, Landstrom AP, Akman HO, Burrow TA, Orthmann-Murphy JL, Goldman DS, Pendyal S, El-Gharbawy AH, Austin SL, Case LE, Schiffmann R, Hirano M, Kishnani PS
Mol Genet Metab 2023 Mar;138(3):107525. Epub 2023 Jan 25 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107525. PMID: 36796138
Cenacchi G, Papa V, Costa R, Pegoraro V, Marozzo R, Fanin M, Angelini C
Virchows Arch 2019 Dec;475(6):671-686. Epub 2019 Jul 30 doi: 10.1007/s00428-019-02633-6. PMID: 31363843
Finsterer J
Acta Neurol Scand 2008 Mar;117(3):145-58. Epub 2007 Nov 20 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00963.x. PMID: 18031562
Selby R, Starzl TE, Yunis E, Todo S, Tzakis AG, Brown BI, Kendall RS
Eur J Pediatr 1993;152 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S71-6. doi: 10.1007/BF02072093. PMID: 8319729Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Koch RL, Soler-Alfonso C, Kiely BT, Asai A, Smith AL, Bali DS, Kang PB, Landstrom AP, Akman HO, Burrow TA, Orthmann-Murphy JL, Goldman DS, Pendyal S, El-Gharbawy AH, Austin SL, Case LE, Schiffmann R, Hirano M, Kishnani PS
Mol Genet Metab 2023 Mar;138(3):107525. Epub 2023 Jan 25 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107525. PMID: 36796138
Demir BK, Kanık A, Köse M, Hişmi BÖ, Baran M
Pediatr Nephrol 2022 May;37(5):1033-1039. Epub 2022 Jan 9 doi: 10.1007/s00467-021-05363-7. PMID: 34999986
Cenacchi G, Papa V, Costa R, Pegoraro V, Marozzo R, Fanin M, Angelini C
Virchows Arch 2019 Dec;475(6):671-686. Epub 2019 Jul 30 doi: 10.1007/s00428-019-02633-6. PMID: 31363843
Finsterer J
Acta Neurol Scand 2008 Mar;117(3):145-58. Epub 2007 Nov 20 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00963.x. PMID: 18031562
Wolfsdorf JI, Weinstein DA
Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003 Mar;4(1):95-102. doi: 10.1023/a:1021831621210. PMID: 12618563

Therapy

Koch RL, Kiely BT, Choi SJ, Jeck WR, Flores LS, Sood V, Alam S, Porta G, LaVecchio K, Soler-Alfonso C, Kishnani PS
JCI Insight 2024 May 14;9(12) doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.177722. PMID: 38912588Free PMC Article
Yi H, Zhang Q, Brooks ED, Yang C, Thurberg BL, Kishnani PS, Sun B
Hum Gene Ther 2017 Mar;28(3):286-294. Epub 2016 Nov 10 doi: 10.1089/hum.2016.099. PMID: 27832700
Froese DS, Michaeli A, McCorvie TJ, Krojer T, Sasi M, Melaev E, Goldblum A, Zatsepin M, Lossos A, Álvarez R, Escribá PV, Minassian BA, von Delft F, Kakhlon O, Yue WW
Hum Mol Genet 2015 Oct 15;24(20):5667-76. Epub 2015 Jul 21 doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv280. PMID: 26199317Free PMC Article
Goldberg T, Slonim AE
J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Dec;93(12):1423-30. doi: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)92246-t. PMID: 8245377
Vázquez JJ
Histol Histopathol 1990 Jul;5(3):379-86. PMID: 1966881

Prognosis

Koch RL, Kiely BT, Choi SJ, Jeck WR, Flores LS, Sood V, Alam S, Porta G, LaVecchio K, Soler-Alfonso C, Kishnani PS
JCI Insight 2024 May 14;9(12) doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.177722. PMID: 38912588Free PMC Article
Lefèvre CR, Collardeau-Frachon S, Streichenberger N, Berenguer-Martin S, Clémenson A, Massardier J, Prieur F, Laurichesse H, Laffargue F, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, Froissart R, Pettazzoni M
J Inherit Metab Dis 2024 Mar;47(2):255-269. Epub 2023 Nov 27 doi: 10.1002/jimd.12692. PMID: 38012812
Butler DC, Glen WB Jr, Schandl C, Phillips A
Pediatr Dev Pathol 2020 Aug;23(4):301-305. Epub 2019 Nov 20 doi: 10.1177/1093526619890224. PMID: 31747834
Escobar LF, Wagner S, Tucker M, Wareham J
J Perinatol 2012 Oct;32(10):810-3. doi: 10.1038/jp.2011.178. PMID: 23014386
Matern D, Starzl TE, Arnaout W, Barnard J, Bynon JS, Dhawan A, Emond J, Haagsma EB, Hug G, Lachaux A, Smit GP, Chen YT
Eur J Pediatr 1999 Dec;158 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S43-8. doi: 10.1007/pl00014320. PMID: 10603098Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Koch RL, Kiely BT, Choi SJ, Jeck WR, Flores LS, Sood V, Alam S, Porta G, LaVecchio K, Soler-Alfonso C, Kishnani PS
JCI Insight 2024 May 14;9(12) doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.177722. PMID: 38912588Free PMC Article
Crane HM, Asher S, Conway L, Drivas TG, Kallish S
Am J Med Genet A 2024 Jul;194(7):e63574. Epub 2024 Mar 4 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63574. PMID: 38436530
Lefèvre CR, Collardeau-Frachon S, Streichenberger N, Berenguer-Martin S, Clémenson A, Massardier J, Prieur F, Laurichesse H, Laffargue F, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, Froissart R, Pettazzoni M
J Inherit Metab Dis 2024 Mar;47(2):255-269. Epub 2023 Nov 27 doi: 10.1002/jimd.12692. PMID: 38012812
Derks TGJ, Peeks F, de Boer F, Fokkert-Wilts M, van der Doef HPJ, van den Heuvel MC, Szymańska E, Rokicki D, Ryan PT, Weinstein DA
J Inherit Metab Dis 2021 May;44(3):693-704. Epub 2020 Dec 21 doi: 10.1002/jimd.12339. PMID: 33332610Free PMC Article
Vázquez JJ
Histol Histopathol 1990 Jul;5(3):379-86. PMID: 1966881

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